The Montgomery Bus Boycott Essay Example For Students

The Montgomery Bus Boycott Essay The Montgomery bus boycott changed the way people lived and reacted toeach other. The American civil rights movement began a long time ago, as earlyas the seventeenth century, with blacks and whites all protesting slaverytogether. The peak of the civil rights movement came in the 1950s startingwith the successful bus boycott in Montgomery Alabama. The civil rightsmovement was lead by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., who preached nonviolence andlove for your enemy. Love your enemies, we do not mean to love them as a friend or intimate. Wemean what the Greeks called agape-a disinterested love for all mankind. Thislove is our regulating ideal and beloved community our ultimate goal. As westruggle here in Montgomery, we are cognizant that we have cosmic companionshipand that the universe bends toward justice. We are moving from the black nightof segregation to the bright daybreak of joy, from the midnight of Egyptiancaptivity to the glittering light of Canaan freedomexplained Dr. King. We will write a custom essay on The Montgomery Bus Boycott specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the Cradle of the Confederacy, life for the white and the coloredcitizens was completely segregated. Segregated schools, restaurants, publicwater fountains, amusement parks, and city buses were part of everyday life inMontgomery, Alabama. Every person operating a bus line should provide equalaccommodationsin such a manner as to separate the white people from Negroes.On Montgomerys buses, black passengers were required by city law to sit in theback of the segregated bus. Negroes were required to pay their fare at thefront of the bus, then get off and reboard from the rear of the bus. The frontrow seats were reserved for white people, which left the back of the bus or nomans land for the blacks. There was no sign declaring the seatingarrangements of the buses, but everyone knew them. The Montgomery bus boycott started one of the greatest fights for civilrights in the history of America. Here in the old capital of the Confederacy, inspired by one womens courage; mobilized and organized by scores of grass-roots leaders in churches, community organizations, and political clubs; calledto new visions of their best possibilities by a young black preacher namedMartin Luther King, Jr., a people was reawakening to its destiny. In 1953, the black community of Baton Rouge, Louisiana successfullypetitioned their city council to end segregated seating on public buses. Thenew ordinance allowed the city buses to be seated on a first-come, first-servedbasis, with the blacks still beginning their seating at the rear of the bus. The bus drivers, who were all white, ignored the new ordinance and continued tosave seats in front of the bus for white passengers. In an effort to demandthat the city follow the new ordinance, the black community staged a one-dayboycott of Baton Rouges bu ses. By the end of the day, Louisianas attorneygeneral decided that the new ordinance was illegal and ruled that the busdrivers did not have to change the seating arrangements on the buses. Three months later a second bus boycott was started by Reverend T.J. Jemison. The new boycott lasted about one week, and yet it forced the cityofficials to compromise. The compromise was to change the seating on the busesto first-come, first-served seating with two side seats up front reserved forwhites, and one long seat in the back for the blacks. The bus boycott in Baton Rouge was one of the first times a community ofblacks had organized direct action against segregation and won. The victory inBaton Rouge was a small one in comparison to other civil right battles andvictories. The hard work of Reverend Jemison and other organizers of theboycott, had far reaching implications on a movement that was just starting totake root in America. In 1954 the landmark case of Brown vs. Board of Educationof Topeka descion by the Supreme Court overshadowed Baton Rouge, but the ideasand lessons were not forgotten. They were soon used 400 miles away inMontgomery, Alabama, where the most important boycott of the civil rightsmovement was about to begin. The idea of separate but equal started in 1896 with a case called Plessyv. Ferguson 163 U.S. 537 (1896). On June 2, 1896 Homer Adolph Plessy, who wasone-eighth Negro and appeared to be white, boarded and took a vacant seat in acoach reserved for white people on the East Louisiana railroad in New Orleansbound for Covington, Louisiana. The conductor ordered Plessy to move to a coachreserved for colored people, but Plessy refused. With the aid of a policeofficer , Plessy was forcibly ejected from the train, locked up in the NewOrleans jail, and was taken before Judge Ferguson on the charge of violatingLouisianas state segregation laws. In affirming Plessys conviction, theSupreme Court of Louisiana upheld the state law. Plessy then took the case tothe Supreme Court of America on a writ of error ( an older form of appeal thatwas abolished in 1929) saying that Louisianas segregation law was unconstitutional as a denial of the Thirteenth Amendment and equal protectionclause of the Fourteent h Amendment.The Plessy v. Ferguson case descionstated that separate but equal was fine as long as the accommodations were equalin standard. Case after case the separate but equal doctrine was followed but notreexamined. The equal part of the doctrine had no real meaning, because theSupreme Court refused to look beyond any lower court holdings to find if thesegregated facilities for Negroes were equal to those for whites. Many Negroaccommodations were said to be equal when in fact they were definitely inferior. The separate but equal doctrine is one of the outstanding myths of Americanhistory for it is almost always true that while indeed separate, thesefacilities are far from equal. Throughout the segregated public institutions,Negroes have been denied equal share of tax supported service and facilitiesstated President Trumans Committee on Civil Rights in 1947. In Topeka, Kansas the Browns, a Negro family, lived only four blacksfrom the white Sumner Elementary School. Linda Carol Brown, an eight year oldgirl had to attend a segregated school twenty-one blocks from her home becauseKansass state segregation laws allowed cities to segregate Negro and whitestudents in public elementary schools. Oliver Brown and twelve other parents of Negro children asked that theirchildren be admitted to the all-white Sumner School, which was much closer tohome. The principle refused them admission, and the parents filed a suit in afederal district court against the Topeka Board of Education. The suitcontended that the refusal to admit the children to the school was a denial ofthe equal protection clauseof the Fourteenth Amendment. The descion ofthe principle lead to the birth of the most influential and important case ofthe Twentieth Century, Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). The federal district court was sympathetic to the Negro cause and agreedthat segregation in public schools had a negative effect on Negro children, butthe court felt binded by the descion in Plessy v. Ferguson, and refused todeclare segregation unconstitutional. Mr. Brown then took the case directly tothe Supreme Court of the United States. Other cases involving school segregation were making there way to theSupreme Court from three different states-Delaware, Virginia, South Carolina-andthe District of Columbia. All of the cases arrived around the same time as theBrown case. The cases all raised the same issue, and the state consolidatedthem under Brown v. Board of Education. The equal protection clause of theFourteenth Amendment is a restriction that applies only to the states, so thecase from the District of Columbia was rested on the due process clause of theFifth Amendment which is applicable to the Federal government. The case wascalled Bolling v. Sharpe, 349 U.S. 294 (1955), and had the same outcome as theBrown case. In front of the Supreme Court the arguments against segregation werepresented by Thurgood Marshall, council for the National Association for theAdvancement for Colored People (NAACP). The NAACP is an organization which haddirected five cases through the courts and which had won many legal cases forAmerican Negroes. The states relied on primarily Plessy v. Ferguson in arguingfor the continuation of segregation in public schools. The Supreme Court Opinion statement delivered by Mr. Chief JusticeWarren stated thatWe conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities areinherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others of thesimilarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of thesegregation complained, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteedby the Fourteenth Amendment. This disposition makes unnecessary any discussionwhether such segregation also violates the Due Process Clause of the FourteenthAmendment. The Brown case was necessary in clearing the way towards full equalityfor the Negroes in America. Though the Brown case did not directly overturn thePlessy case descion, it made it perfectly clear that segregation in areas otherthan public education could not continue. The Brown case enabled Negroes tofight peacefully for their freedom through sit-ins, demonstrations, boycott s,and the exercise of their voting rights. With the Brown case descion and theend of school segregation came the start of the fall of white supremacy. On December 1, 1955, the action of Mrs. Rosa Parks gave rise to a formof protest that lead the civil rights movement-nonviolent action. Mrs. Parksworked at a Montgomery department store pinning up hems, raising waistlines. When the store closed, Mrs. Parks boarded a Cleveland Avenue bus, and took aseat behind the white section in row eleven. The bus was half full when RosaParks boarded, but soon was filled leaving a white man standing. Yall better make it light on yourself and let me have those seats,said the bus driver James Blake as he ordered the black passengers in row elevento move. Everyone except Mrs. Parks moved to the rear of the bus. When he sawme still sitting, he asked if I was going to stand up, and I said, No Im not.recalled Mrs. Rosa Parks. James Blake replied Well, if you dont stand up, Imgoing to call the police and have you arrested, with Rosa Parks bravelyreplaying You may do that. Mrs. Rosa Parks was arrested for violating theMunicipal code separating the races in Montgomery, Alabama. .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e , .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e .postImageUrl , .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e , .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e:hover , .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e:visited , .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e:active { border:0!important; } .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e:active , .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u25dcff89355657df8cd3b2a62525420e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Is Constructivism the Best Philosophy for Education? EssayRosa Parks was taken to the city jail in a police car where she wasbooked for violating the law banning integration . At the police station shelonged for a drink of water to soothe her dry throat, but they wouldnt permitme to drink out of the water fountain, it was for whites only.Rosa Parkswas convicted and fined ten dollars plus four dollars in court cost. The arrest of Rosa Parks in 1955 was not the first time Mrs. Parks hadchallenged the Jim Crow laws of the South. In 1943, the same bus driver whoarrested her in 1955, James Blake threw her off the bus for violating thesegregation laws. During the 1940s the quiet, dignified older lady refused onseveral different occasions to submit to segregation laws. My resistance to being mistreated on the buses and anywhere else wasjust a regular thing with me and not just that daystated Rosa after she wasarrested. Mrs. Parks was an active member in organizations that fought for theequality of races. She was the first secretary for the Alabama State Conferenceof NAACP Branches, and she helped organize an NAACP Youth Council chapter inMontgomery. News of Mrs. Parks arrest soon reached E.D. Nixon, the man who headedthe NAACP when Mrs. Parks was its secretary. Nixon tried to call one of thecities two black lawyers, Fred Gray, but Gray was not at home, so Mr. Nixoncalled Clifford Durr. Clifford Durr was member of the Federal CommunicationsCommission, and had recently returned to Montgomery from Washington DC. About six o clock that night the telephone rang, and Mr. Nixon saidthat he understood that Mrs. Parks was arrested, and he had called the jail, butthey wouldnt tell him why she had been arrested. So they thought that if Cliffcalled, a white lawyer, they might tell him. Cliff called, and they said shesbeen arrested under the segregation lawsso Mr. Nixon raised the bond andsigned the paper and got Mrs. Parks out,recalled Virginia Durr. Mrs. Parks, with your permission we can break down segregation on thebus with your case,E.D. Nixon asked Rosa Parks. Parks consulted her motherand husband, and deiced to let Mr. Nixon make her case into a cause, stating Ill go along with you Mr. Nixon.Nixon, at home was making a list of black ministers in Montgomery, whowould help support their boycott. Lacking the influence he once had in theNAACP, because of his background, Nixon deiced that the church would be betterto go through to reach people, because they(the church) had their hands on themasses.Progressive minister, Reverend Ralph Abernnathy, who E.D. Nixon knewthrough his work at the NAACP would be the first to receive the call to mobilizepeople. At five A.M. Friday morning, the next day, Nixon called Rev. Abernathy,who knew most of the other minister and black leaders in Montgomery. Afterdiscussing the situation Nixon called eighteen other ministers and arranged ameeting for Friday evening to discuss Parks arrest and the actions they wantedto take. Fred Gray called Jo Ann Robinson Thursday night and told her about thearrest of Rosa Parks. Robinson knew Parks from the Colvin case and believed shewould be the ideal person to go through a test case to challenge segregation. Robinson then proceeded to call the leaders of the Womens Political Council,who urged her to start the boycott in support of Rosa Parks starting on Monday,Parks trail date. Jo Ann Robinson made leaflets that described the boycott andhad her students help her hand them out. This is for Monday, Dec. 5, 1955-Another Negro women has been arrestedand thrown in jail because she refused to get up out of her seat on the bus andgive it to a white person. It is the second time since the Claudette Colvincase that a Negro women has been arrested for the same thing. This has to bestopped. The womens case will come up Monday. We are therefor asking everyNegro to stay off the buses Monday in protest of the arrest and trail. Dontride the buses to work, to schools, or anywhere on Monday Thousands of the anonymous leaflets were passed secretly throughMontgomerys black neighborhoods. By the time the ministers and civil rightsleaders met on Friday evening, word of the boycott had spread through the city. Reverend L. Roy Bennett, president of the Interdenominational Ministers Alliance,headed the meeting. Rev. Bennett wanted to start the boycott on the followingMonday because he feared that there was no time to waste, he also wanted theministers to start organizing committe es to lead the boycott. Some of the blackleaders objected, calling for a debate on the pros and cons of having a boycott. Almost half of the leaders left in frustration before a descion was reached,will those remaining agreed to spread the word about the one-day boycott attheir Sunday mass meeting. E.D. Nixon did not attend the meeting on Friday evening that he arrangedbecause he was at work, but before Nixon left he took one of Jo Ann Robinsonsleaflets and called Joe Azbell, a white reporter at the Montgomery Advertiser. He said, Ive got a big story for you and I want you to meet me, nowE.D. doesnt talk in long sentences, hes very short and brusqueHe said, Canyou meet me? I said, Yeah I can meet you. So we met down at Union Stationand he showed me one of these leaflets. And he said, I want to tell you whatwe are going to do. Were gonna boycott these buses. Were tired of themfooling around with our women-they done it for the last time. So I said Okay,Nixon said, You gonna put this on the front page? And I said yeah Im gonnatry to. recalled Joe Azbell. The story of the upcoming boycott was on thefront page of Sundays morning edition, spreading the word to all the Negroes inMontgomery. The piece Azbell ran on the boycott accused the NAACP of plantingthat Parks womenon the bus to stir things up and cause trouble. TheMontgomery Advertiser said that the Negroes were about to embrace the samenegative solutionsas the hated White Citizens Council. The ministers reinforced the call of the boycott at the pulpit thatSunday morning, but doubt remained in the minds of the boycott organizers. Would Montgomerys black community unite for the boycott? Or would they ridethe buses in fear of white retaliation? The clergymen had barely been able toagree on the one-day boycott, so why would the people follow them? To add totheir worries it looked like it might rain. On Monday morning the sky was very dark with huge rain clouds coveringthe sun. City police were on the watch for black goon squads that would keepblack people off the buses. The police chief even went as far as to have twomotorcycle cops follow each bus. By 5:30 A.M. Monday, a torn off piece ofcardboard appeared on a bus shelter at Court Square, one of the main downtownbus stops. The sign read PEOPLE DONT RIDE THE BUSES TODAY. DONT RIDE IT FORFREEDOMIn the house of young Dr. Martian Luther King Jr. on Monday, December4th, Dr. King was making coffee in his kitchen. The Friday night meeting hadtaken place at his church in Montgomery and he feared that the boycott wouldfail. Dr. Reverend King took his coffee and sat down and waited for the firstbus on the South Jackson l0 line to go by his house at 6:00 A.M. The SouthJackson line carried more Negroes than any other line in town; the first buswas usually jammed full with Negro domestics on their way to work. Dr. Kingwas still in the kitc hen when his wife Coretta cried Martin, Martin, comequickly!Martin just made it to the window in time to see an empty bus go by. In a state of high excitement, King waited for the next bus to go by.It wasempty. So was the third one. With sprits soaring high Dr. King drove over toAbernathys house in his car and the two of them drove all over town looking atthe buses. All over Montgomery the buses were empty of black people. It lookedlike the boycott would be one hundred percent effective. There were black students gladly hitchhiking to Alabama State. Therewere old man and women walking as far as twelve miles to their downtown jobs. People were riding mules, cows, horses and driving horse-drawn buggies to work. Not one single person stood at a bus stop that wanted to ride the buses, justgroups of young people who stood there cheering and singing No riders today!as the buses pulled away from the stop. Montgomerys eighteen black-owned taxi companies had agreed to transportblacks for the same fare as they would pay on the bus-ten cents-on Mondaymorning the cabs were crammed with people. In the Alabama Journal a reporterdescribed that first Monday. Negroes were on almost every street corner in thedowntown area, silent, waiting for rides or moving about to keep warm, but fewgot on busesscores of Negroes were walking, their lunches were in brown papersacks under their arms. None spoke to white people. They exchanged little talkamong themselves. It was an almost solemn event.A local black historian who had watched the days events unfolded statedthat the old unlearned Negroes were confused. It seemed they could notfigure out if the police (ridding along the buses) would arrest them or protectthem if they attempted to ride the busesthe few Negroes that rode the buseswere more confused. They found it difficult to get off without beingembarrassed by other Negroes who waited at the bus stops throughout the city. Some were even seen ducking in the aisles as the buses passed various stops.At 3:00 P.M. that afternoon King and other leaders of the boycott met toset up a permanent organization to run the boycott. At Abernathys suggestionthey called it the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), to stress thepositive, uplift approach of their movement.The meeting was also called toelect officers. Rufus Lewis saw the election as a way to move the well-entrenchedBennett aside in a diplomatic way. Quickly Lewis nominated Kingas president. Lewis attended Kings church and heard him speak often and knewhe was a master speaker, also Dr. King was new in town. .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad , .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad .postImageUrl , .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad , .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad:hover , .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad:visited , .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad:active { border:0!important; } .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad:active , .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub9a70fa5712701d665c51b57b5d811ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computer Ethics EssayRev. King was a young man, a very intelligent man. He had not beenhere long enough for the city fathers to put their hands on him. Usually theydfind some young man just come to townpat him on the back and tell him what anice church he got. Theyd say Reverend, your suit dont look so nice torepresent so-and-so Baptist Churchand theyd get him a suityoud have towatch out for that kind of thingrecalls E.D. Nixon, about how officials inMontgomery treated black leaders. With Rev. King as the new leader of the boycott, the organizers had todeiced whether or not to have the bus boycott extend beyond Monday. The one-dayboycott had shown a strength that was never seen before in Montgomery. Toextend the boycott would be a direct assault by blacks on the Jim Crow system. A serious and potentially dangerous event. Several of the ministers were suggesting to leave the boycott as a one-day success, they said the boycott might fall apart if it rained or if thepolice started to arrest people. No one thought that it would last till the endof the work week, which was four days away. E.D. Nixon in a thundering voice said that they should confront thewhites no matter what. The time had come to take a stand!What is the matter with you people? Here you have been living off thesweat of these washwomen all these years and you have never done anything forthem. Now you have a chance to pay them back, and youre to damn scared tostand on your feet and be counted! The time has come to be grown man or scaredboyssaid Nixon gesturing his big hands at the group of boycott leaders whenthey wanted to quit. Nixon was mad because his successor at the head of the NAACP in Alabamahad refused to help or support the boycott unless he got approval from thenational office. The man who was the President of the NAACP, said at that time,Brother Nixon, Ill have to wait until I talk to New York ( NAACP headquarters)to find out what they think of it. I said Man we aint got time for that. He believed in doing everything by the book. And the book stated that you hadto notify New York before you take a step like that.recalled E.D. Nixon onhow the NAACP responded when he asked them for support. The group agreed to wait until that nights meeting and let the peopledecided if the boycott was to continue. The meeting was to be held at the HoltStreet Baptist Church, because it was in a black section of town. They figuredthat Negroes would probably feel safer if they didnt have to travel throughwhite neighborhoods to get to the meeting. Newly elected leader of the MIA, Dr. King had about twenty minuets toprepare a speech which he later called one of the most important speeches in hislife. It took Doctor King fifteen minuets to park his car and make his way tothe church at 7:00 P.M. There were no empty seats in the church and people werespilled into the aisles and through the doorways in the back, the church hadbeen packed since five that afternoon. Outside the church thousands stood tolisten to the speeches and preaching that was going on inside throughloudspeakers. The meeting opened with Onward Christian Soldiers, followed byspeeches from the boycott leaders. Joe Azbell again covered the boycott story saying that the Holt StreetBaptist Church was probably the most fired up, enthusiastic gathering of humanbeings that Ive ever seen. I came down the street and I couldnt believe therewere so many cars. I parked many blocks from the church just to get a place formy car. I went up to the church, and they made way for me because I was thefirst white person thereI was two minutes late and they were alreadypreaching, and that audience was so on fire that the preacher would get up andsay, Do you want your freedom? And theyd say, Yeah, I want my freedom! The preacher would say, Are you for what we are doing?; Yeah, go ahead, goahead!and they were so excitedIve never heard singing like thattheywere on fire for freedom. There was a sprit there no one could captureagainit was so powerful. And then King stood up, and most of them didntknow how he was. And yet he was a master speakerI went back and I wrote aspecial column, I wrote that this was the begin ning of a flame that would goacross America.Doctor King approached the podium with only a mental outline of hisspeech. If he choked in front of all of these people it would be the end of theboycott, but if he inspired them there was no telling what they could dotogether. Were here this evening for serious business. Were here in a generalsense because first and foremost, we are American citizens, and we aredetermined to acquire our citizenship to the fullness of its meaningTherecomes a time when people get tiredtired of being segregated and humiliated;tired of being kicked about the brutal feet of oppression. We have noalternative but to protest. For many years, we have shown amazing patience. Wehave sometimes given our white brothers the feeling that we liked the way wewere being treated. But we come here tonight to be saved, to be saved frompatience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice.Ifwe are wrong then the Supreme Court of this nation is wrong. If we are wrongthen the Constitution of the United States is wrong. If we are wrong, Godalmighty is wrong.The crowd roared with yeas and right ons, all through Dr. Kingsspeech. The strongest show of emotion and applause came when Rev. King bravelynoted that If you protest coura geously and yet with dignity and Christian love,when the history books are written in future generations the historians willpause and say There lived a great people-a black people-who injected newmeaning and dignity into the veins of civilizationWe will not retreat oneinch in our fight to secure and hold our American citizenship.The churchroared in approval of Kings speech which was followed with an introduction ofRosa Parks that received a standing ovation. Then Rev. Abernathy proceeded torecite the three demands of the boycott. 1)Courteous treatment of passengers on the buses. 2)Change the seating to a first-come, first-served basis with blacks startingat the rear, and whites starting at the front. 3)The hiring of black bus drivers on predominantly black routes. Rev. Abernathy asked the people attending the meeting to vote anddescied whether or not the boycott should continue. Throughout the churchpeople began to stand. At first in ones and twos. Soon every person wasstanding in the Holt Street Church approving the continuation of the boycott. The thousands of people standing outside cheered in a resounding YES!The fear left that had shackled us across the years-all left suddenlywhen we were in that church togetherrecalled Abernathy on how people leftthe church unafraid, but how they were uncertain on how the citys white leaderswould respond to their boycott. The Montgomery police were their main concern. A white police officer had a few months earlier shot a black man who had refuseda bus driver order to get off the bus and reboard from the rear. The mandemanded his dime back, and the police officer suddenly fired his gun, instantlykilling the man. The dreaded Montgomery police were already harassing blackswho were peacefully waiting for th e taxis. Four days later the MIA, including King and attorney Fred Gray, met withthe city commissioners and representatives of the bus company. The MIApresented their three demands, with King making it clear that they were notseeking an end to segregation through the boycott. The bus companys manger, James H. Bagely and its attorney, JackCrenshaw frantically denied that the bus drivers were regularly discourteous toblack passengers. They rejected the idea of hiring black bus drivers and statedthat the proposed seating plan was in violation of the state statue and citycode. Attorney Gray responded by showing that the seating plan was in no way aviolation against the already existing segregation laws. The seatingarrangements proposed was already in practice in another Alabama city, Mobil. The Mobil bus company was also run by the same bus company as the Montgomery busline. Attorney Crenshaw was adamant about the seating proposal. CommissionerFrank was ready to give in and accept the seating proposal, but Crenshaw argued I dont see how we can do it within the law. If it were legal I would be thefirst to go along with it, but it just isnt legal. The only way that it can bedone is to change the segregation laws.Commissioner Clyde Sellers who wasstaunchly opposed to segregation was not about to compromise. Crenshaw did nothelp the MIA in stating that If we granted the Negroes these demands, theywould

Auspices and Guises

Auspices and Guises Auspices and Guises Auspices and Guises By Maeve Maddox In an interview with Palestinian film-maker Hany Abu-Assad about his film Omar, NPR’s Rachel Martin made the following statement: He [Omar] goes there [to the other side of a wall that separates him from his sweetheart] under the auspices of planning some kind of attack with Nadia’s brother† The context implies that planning the attack is a subterfuge for Omar, an excuse to be with Nadia. Martin’s use of the expression â€Å"under the auspices of† is inappropriate in this context. Auspices is one of those words we inherited from ancient Roman religion. In ancient Rome, the auspex observed the flight of birds for the purpose of obtaining an omen from the gods. The work of the auspex was known as â€Å"taking the auspices.† When the auspices were favorable, people proceeded with whatever enterprise they were planning, confident of success. In modern usage, auspices has come to mean â€Å"patronage.† It refers to influence exerted by a person or organization on behalf of an undertaking. This patronage usually spells the difference between success and failure. Here are some examples of the usage: Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he [Christopher Columbus] completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. Extended Participation in General Multilateral Treaties concluded under the auspices of the League of Nations (title of a monograph) For the first time in nearly 50 years, the Commonwealth’s scientists are coming together under the auspices of the Royal Society for a groundbreaking conference â€Å"In the guise of† is probably the expression the NPR interviewer was reaching for. Worded both as â€Å"in the guise of† and â€Å"under the guise of,† the expression means â€Å"an assumed appearance or pretense.† The expression can be used to mean simply â€Å"dressed as† or â€Å"disguised as†; for example, one might go to a costume party â€Å"in the guise of Cinderella.† More often, the pretense is intended to deceive: If Tyranny and Oppression come to this land, it will be in the guise of fighting a foreign enemy. –James Madison Mr. Fox befriended Jemima Puddle Duck in the guise of a friendly neighbor. Urban Shield exists under the guise of fighting terrorism and â€Å"disaster preparedness† in heavily-populated areas. Protestors stormed a McDonald’s franchise demanding justice for an employee they say was fired under the guise of feeding the homeless, but was really let go for political reasons. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsBest Websites to Learn EnglishA Yes-and-No Answer About Hyphenating Phrases

Consumer law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer law - Essay Example As a general rule, the goods sold must â€Å"meet the standard that a reasonable person would regards as satisfactory, taking into account any description of the goods, the price and all other relevant circumstances†.1 By quality of goods, the intent of the law is to include not only the appearance and finish of the goods but also their durability and safety. The sales of Goods Act of 1979 so provides that a seller must only sell goods that conforms to its description and the failure of the seller to meet the requirements of the standards set would result into a liability on the part of the seller. Note that even tiny defects that could have gone unnoticed both by the seller and the consumer at the time the goods were sold are considered as non-compliance to the standards of the goods sold and shall be considered as a ground to impose liability on the part of the seller, should the consumer demand for such. However, where the goods are sold as â€Å"shop-soiled† or as damaged goods and the seller openly declares such damage, the seller shall not be held liable for non-compliance with the standards of goods sold. The goods must therefore be as described2. Aside from the standard of goods sold which must be satisfied, the goods must be fit for its purpose. According to the Supply of Goods and Services Act of 1982, the goods must be fit for any particular purpose mentioned by the seller to the buyer. For instance, where the seller purports to sell a pair of climbing shoes, such climbing shoes should be fit for the purpose and will not break easily from the rigors of mountain climbing. Where the goods do not perform as the seller claims it would, then we can say that the goods does not match its description not just in its physical appearance but also in its capabilities. In our hypothetical case, Lil bought a pair of shoes from â€Å"tuffstuff† and wore them on a hill-walking holiday. By the end of the holiday, the shoes

How are women represented in Things Fall Apart Research Paper

How are women represented in Things Fall Apart - Research Paper Example African women are merely sex toys in the hands of African men. Each African male has the authority to select as much as wives he needs. On the other hand such liberties are not given to the female community. â€Å"Chinua Achebe shows women as having little to no power in society in his book, Things Fall Apart. Women are not only without protection, but also denied social status. They cannot meaningfully participate in social affairs† (Kramer). This paper analyses the women representations in Things Fall Apart. â€Å"In Igbo culture, women are considered weaker than the men and thus it’s an insult to men to be called an agbala (Agbala represents a person with no titles). Okonkwo is acutely aware of what it means to be a man in the Igbo tribe and is ashamed that someone might call him or his male relations agbala† (Things Fall Apart Gender Quotes). Okonkwo, the main male character in Things Fall Apart treated his wife as a servant. Because of his short temper and aggressive nature, his wife led a miserable life under fear. Okonkwo never allowed his wife to ask questions to him about any matters, including personal, social or family. Weak men in Ibo culture were insulted by others by calling them as women. For example, Okonkwo considered his father as a woman because of his laziness and carelessness. In a meeting which included so many other dignitaries, Okonkwo asked his father to leave the meeting saying; "This meeting is for men" (Achebe, p.28). The above fact clearly underl ines how severely Ibo women were humiliated by their male counterparts. â€Å"In fact, women count for so little in Igbo society that they are often not even addressed by their given names, but referred to by their relationship with men† (Things Fall Apart Gender Quotes). Women in Ibo society were treated as the second class citizens. Unlike other women in other parts of the world, Ibo women were not respected much in

Why education is so important Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Why education is so important - Research Paper Example For others, attending a university would entail sacrifices in terms of financial support and overcoming hurdles related to educational advancement. For the individual with a vision to excel in a specific course, a college degree could be the best alternative. The objective of this essay is to proffer the rationale for the importance of education in contemporary times. The discourse seeks to provide appropriate response to the following inquiries: What exactly a good education means? How does the level of education affect the individual’s mindset and personality? Is it a fact that the more education one gets, the better it is for the individual? Is education important for everyone? Is the level of education always proportional to a person’s salary? Which ways of getting the education are the best? And what is a practical value of the education? The history of education has evolved from a curriculum comprising of a simple theoretical framework to the complex structure we have today. The development of technology opened a whole spectrum of information and educational opportunities which enhanced the capabilities of individuals. Murphy, et.al. (2002) averred that â€Å"school leaders, educational administration faculty, and policymakers are endeavoring to redefine the profession in an era of ferment, during which the legitimacy of its knowledge base and the appropriateness of programs for preparing school leaders have been thrown into question†. An education is thereby classified as good depending on an interplay of critical factors, to wit: (1) the personal traits and characteristics of the child; and (2) the educational institution’s plethora of teaching issues (quality of teachers, instructional materials, methodologies, policies and procedures, cost of tuition, location, profile of students, among others). The personality of the child is of utmost importance as it affects his or her academic performance.

Politics Essays Advertisements Campaigns Voters

Politics Essays Advertisements Campaigns Voters Advertisements Campaigns Voters Political Advertisements reflecting Political Orientations This paper tries to argue, and somehow support, that political advertisements during electoral campaigns reflect the political orientation of the voters. The Philippines is known for its festive mood all year round done through fiestas and other celebrations showcasing the very Filipino among us. To bring this to home is to mention our annual celebration of the Sinulog. The Sinulog 2007 Magazine presents the colorful celebration of the whole country in honor of the child Jesus Senor Sto. Nino. This celebration along with the other celebrations all over the country signifies the dynamics of our culture and this had been passed from one generation to another. Making the young ones realize and appreciate its value and importance. But festivals are not the only colorful features of the Philippines, we are likewise known to have very festive conduct of elections. Yes, elections in the Philippines resemble the celebration of fiestas. In the very recently concluded May 14, 2007 Congressional and local elections the whole country have witnessed how politicians have used almost all forms of campaigning just to be properly known and eventually be voted by the electorates. In fact, as a result of campaign many of the politicians’ tarpaulin were left scattered prompting a businesswoman to convert them into bags, which were distributed to the fire victims somewhere in Metro Manila. The reason for this was the huge volume of tarpaulin spent for by the candidates all for their desire to vote. To add, flyers and sample ballots were voluminously reproduced for the same purpose. However, for those who have a broader financial base they took advantage of the mass media in airing (broadcast and print) their political advertisements. The patronage of politicians to the use of media is itself a statement of the wide reach of the latter as well as the extent of its possible impact on the decisions of the electorates. Most studies about the media try to look into how it operates in the â€Å"democratic† Philippines or how it influences the behavior of people, especially during elections. However, it is likewise interesting to explore what is reflected by the media as the society’s character, behavior and culture. Hence, this essay describes the electorates’ political orientation that is projected or reflected in the political advertisements of politicians. However, it is bounded by the following delimitations: only the political advertisements of the Mayoral and Vice-Mayoral candidates of Cebu City are considered, this is for purposes of a more focused analysis. Furthermore, I made use of only print ads from newspapers, this is due to limited access to television advertisements. These delimitations may in the end limit as well the conclusion of this essay, however this can also serve as an initial study for a broader consideration by other scholars. Culture, Politics and Media From the sociological point of view, Giddens (2002) defined culture broadly to be the way of life of the members of society or groups within a society. It is that â€Å"something† that unites a society together and that which stitches the relations of people and social structures. However, culture is by nature not easily definable due to the fact that it’s merely manifested, such as its tangible and intangible aspects. Many theorists have imparted their own share of conceptualization about culture. Worth mentioning in this essay are the contributions of Jules Henry (1980). Jules Henry postulated the anthropological idea that culture is preserved and perpetuated, and it is necessarily reproduced through the process of interaction among people in society. From here it can be deduced that culture is by its very nature transmissible therefore learned. Hence, the culture of a society is passed on to the next generations in a dynamic fashion of learning. The example highlighted by Henry is the cultural dreams turned nightmare of the Americans because of the highly consumeristic culture projected by the media. Jules Henry is decisive in prescribing the idea that the media is constructing a culture that is not reflective of the real needs of the public. From this contribution of Henry we can understand that the process of transmitting culture can be facilitated by a number of ways and means or agents. Socialization is a primary channel for the transmission of culture over time and generation. There had been a continued discourse on culture and many scholars were engaged in more cultural studies during the heights of the behavioral revolution and the participation explosion after World War II. The behavioral revolution did not exclusively affect the cultures of the world but also the functioning of polities. If in the past the study of politics was focused on the state, being the only institution which can authoritatively allocate the values to the society (Easton, 1953: 146) the behavioral revolution had inspired other political scientists to engage in scholarships involving politics and culture. Among them were Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba in their breakthrough study published in 1963. They studied about the Civic Culture of five countries by looking into the political attitudes as well as the practice of democracy in said five nations. In the study of political culture, culture must be understood as an individual’s psychological orientation toward social objects (Almond and Verba, 1963: 14). Almond further emphasized that political culture refers to the political system as internalized in the cognitions, feelings and evaluations of its population. From here, the specificity of culture as applied in understanding politics is clarified. Hence, political culture refers to the specifically political orientations attitudes toward the political system and its various parts, and attitudes towards the role of the self in the system (Almond and Verba, 963: 13). Verba also contributed his definition of political culture to consist of the system of empirical beliefs, expressive symbols, and values which defines the situation in which political action takes place (1965:513). The polity’s political culture is only one aspect of politics at the same time only an aspect of culture. From such definitions we can draw the different modes of political orientations referred to by Almond and Verba, which are considered of high relevance because these help us understand how an individual may potentially react to political stimulus. They are: 1) cognitive orientation; 2) affective orientation; and 3) evaluative orientation. Cognitive orientation refers to the knowledge of and belief about the political system. Ranney added that this include the information that an individual has about political affairs (1995:65). Moreover, other scholars look into the person’s level of awareness as a way of knowing his/her cognitive orientation. Example of this is whether a person is aware of the list of local officials in their local government. Or it could be an inquiry into the various political issues s/he is aware of. From here the level of a person’s cognitive orientation is defined. Therefore, if the kind of information presented before the public is more knowledge-based we can infer that the presumption is that the public still need to be fed with pertinent information to be aware. Affective orientation refers to the feelings an individual may have about the political system, its roles, personnel and performance. This orientation includes how individuals feel for a political phenomenon. For instance, how the people feel about the cheating issues posed against the Arroyo administration last 2004 elections. The emotions or the mood developed on the individual constitute his/her affective orientation. Hence, if the information presented for the public appeals more to the recipient’s emotion, it be could under the presumption that people already know the information and have developed shared emotion with the messenger. Lastly, Evaluative orientation, this refers to the judgments and opinions formulated by individuals as a response to political objects which involves the combination of value standards and criteria with information and feelings. This is considered to be the most important type of political orientation because it determines the type of political culture of the polity. Furthermore, public opinions, to be useful, must be translated to public judgment and the latter must be manifested through public action. There is a need for an individual to translate one’s judgment to action in order to substantially affect how political objects function. Good examples for this were EDSA 1 and 2. The people’s knowledge and feelings about the abuses of Marcos’ dictatorship were eventually translated to a public judgment of discontent hence, making possible the flooding of people in EDSA as a manifestation of their feeling of discontent and disappointment, very similar to the EDSA 2 circumstances. Therefore, if an information ignites action it presupposes that the people are already aware and have similar affect to a particular issue and would just need to share such sentiment to the rest. These three will be the basis in analyzing the campaign advertisements of the candidates for mayor and vice-mayor in Cebu City. I will look into the kind of messages they have and from there try to understand the orientation they believe the voters have. Both references did not only provide definitions of socialization but went on to say that this processes proceeds from an individual’s early stage in life up to one’s old age. This only means that this is continuous and dynamic. They also added that since this process is continuous there are various agents which help transmit the necessary political orientations. These agents are but not limited to the: Family; School; Peer Groups; Church; Mass Media; Government; and International Community (Ranney, 1995: 61-65; Almond and Powell, 2004: 58).On the other hand, understanding political culture with the general concept of culture would mean that political culture is also transmissible, and is best facilitated through political socialization. Almond and Powell defined socialization to be the way in which political values are formed and the political culture is transmitted from one generation to the next (2004: 52). Austin Ranney also gave his conception of political socializ ation to be the developmental process from which people acquire their political orientations and patterns of behavior (1995: 58). Each of these agents has their respective ways of influencing an individual about the political. Among the most popular of these are family and mass media. In fact, most literature describing the political culture of Filipinos propound the idea that it is governed by familism, kinship ties and patron-client relations (Lande, 1965; McCoy, 1994; Sidel, 1999). On the other hand, the next most popularly regarded to influence an individual’s political orientation is the mass media. In fact, scholars have concluded that the media really have social and political effects to the public. Furthermore, they contend that â€Å"every culture has means of preparing and conditioning its members to adopt expected social roles and activities and the mass media often times have an unrecognized role in this process.† Hence, the importance in looking into how the media influence or reflect the public is very much important. Most often the influences of these agents are best manifested every time an individual takes part in a democratic exercise such as elections. The paragraphs to follow will be devoted into discussing the relevance of the media in politics as well as the evolution of the conduct of elections in the Philippines. Media In general terms, understanding the media inevitably requires understanding of communication which, in its simplest context, is the act of sending ideas and attitudes from one person to another. Moreover, communication of people may either be intrapersonal, interpersonal, or through mass communication. Communicating within one person is intrapersonal communication. While, communicating with another person is interpersonal. Lastly, communication between a person or a group of persons to a larger audience through a transmitting device is mass communication. In mass communication there are important elements that need to be present: a) sender or the source who is responsible in putting in the message on the channel; b) channel, which is the medium that delivers the message to the receiver, an example of this would be the television, newspapers, magazine and the like; c) receiver, who is the intended (or unintended) audience of the message the public; and d) the feedback from the receiver, this occurs when the receiver responds to the message sent by the sender. Mass communication is best characterized by: a) the message is sent out using some form of mass media (newspaper or television); b) the message is delivered rapidly; and c) the message reaches large groups of different kinds of people simultaneously or within a short period of time. The idea of mass media really brings as much information to as wide an audience as possible, this makes the transmission of information easier and corollary to this would mean a more precise message. There is more to mass media than merely transmitting messages. Other theorists propounded that â€Å"a person who takes a steady diet of mass media messages may be conditioned to believe that the world presented by the media is an accurate reflection of reality.† This is very much related to the concept of Jules Henry wherein the media, through its various advertisements, create a â€Å"cultural dream† for the public as evidence by growing consumerism among the people (1980). This brings me to the book of Dan Nimmo and James Combs Mediated Political Realities (1983). The book centers on the public having mediated realities. Walter Lippman said that â€Å"people act on the basis of pictures they carry around in their heads, pictures of the way they think things are† furthermore, he added â€Å"these pictures are derived from and changed by one’s direct experiences as well as those which they don’t deal directly.† This only means that not all realities are experienced firsthand, rather, our realities are complemented by things we are made to believe to be realities this is facilitated by a medium which is the mass media. Hence, it becomes a valid inquiry of whether the realities we see reflected by the media are in fact real. The authors went on to postulate that â€Å"each of us forges our own reality† which means that what we may consider reality may not be conceived similarly by others. In addition, a situation may mean various realities to various people hence, there cannot be a universal reality because they are all mediated. The concept of mediated realities is brought by the influx of other means of communications, which is mass communications sometimes complementing and in competition with other means or agents (Nimmo and Combs, 1983: 5). The authors went on to say that â€Å"social reality is constituted, recognized, and celebrated with media.† Meaning that the media indeed has a huge role to play in the process of making and unmaking realities. This pushes us to another level of looking into realities, whether they are truly real or otherwise. From here, a caveat is better put in place, that what we see and experience through the media may simply be a construction we are made to believe or could be a reflection of what is truly real. The second postulation is taken adeptly by this essay for a number of reasons: a) the context of this essay is in the Philippines wherein a number of legislations are in place to govern the media; and b) such regulations highlight the importance of responsibly delivering the news to the public. Media in the Philippines As initially stated above, studies about media are often centered on its role/s in a society. For example, the role of the media during the time of Marcos it was noted that the media during the Martial Law years were either under the payroll of some politicians or were frankly against the reign of Marcos. Furthermore, Sussman also mentioned that there were over twenty journalists documented to have been killed during the time of Marcos for expressing disagreeable opinion against local warlords. The struggle for press freedom was also strong but was forcefully countered by a number of Presidential Decrees issued by Marcos to curtail any free expression through the press. Marcos even ordered the closure of media companies which were directly countering the mandates of his government, one of them was ABS-CBN of the Lopezes. However, the tides took a different turn on the eve of EDSA 1, the airwaves were useful when Cardinal Sin through Radio Veritas urged the people to pray and defend democracy. The remaining media strength who looked into the political situation in the Philippines were the foreigners as they covered most of the fraudulent activities, especially during the conduct of previous elections. Moreover, the change of government from dictatorial to democratic also paved way for a freer mass media. To further ensure its free exercise, the same is guaranteed in Sec. 4, Art. III of the 1987 Constitution Freedom of Speech and Expression and of the Press. The â€Å"press† specifically cover every sort of publications: newspapers, periodicals, magazines, books, handbills, leaflets, other written materials, television and radio broadcasting are also included. This only proves how much we regard, in terms of importance, the sector of the media in our country. Media and Philippine Elections The conduct of Philippine elections is likewise filled with a rich experience. The Documentary Eleksyong Pinoy is actually a very rich resource in terms of the evolution of our electoral exercise. To make it very comprehensive, the producers included personalities who have been actively engaged in the conduct of elections in the country such as former Commission on Elections (COMELEC) Commissioners Haydee Yorac, Christian Monsod; former National Citizens Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL) Chairperson Jose Conception; Philippine Center for Good Governance (PCGG) Chairperson; His Eminence Jaime Cardinal Sin (due to his role in EDSA 1); a UP History Professor and other significant personalities. In all the documentary showed how elections were so limited in the past. In fact, it presented that the elections during the later part of the Spanish colonial rule were exclusive only to those who have the stringent qualifications biased for the males, literacy, taxing capabilities, ownership of properties and others. Corollary, the chance to run for public office is also limited to those who have landholdings and were educated. But this limited access have been widened by the institutionalization of the democratic institutions by the American colonial rule as prepared by a number of US legislations. These organic acts essentially installed democratic ideals upon which people are given the chance to actively participate in the affairs of government, initially through elections. Proof to this was the right to vote granted to women in 1937 after a massive success reaped from a nationwide plebiscite on the matter. Philippine elections have long been open to the participation of the public, though there were interruptions as to how free it is during the Martial Law years. In fact, based on the well-researched documentary, elections during the time of Marcos were noted to be fraudulent ones due to massive cheating and anomalies. Elections according Mojares is a â€Å"collective rite of collective passage, with liminal phases, beginning with the preliminal period of ‘presubjectification’; the ‘limen’ of Election Day; and the postelection period of resubjectification during which results are validated, winners are proclaimed.† As for the progress of this essay, I will focus on the presubjectification period or the course of campaigns. It was noted that the way Filipinos conduct campaigns are actual replica of that of US. Luz Rimban, writing for the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, stated that when US introduced elections in the Philippines it likewise included in the package its own style of campaigning, and this includes the use of mass media to somehow ‘manipulate public images’; the hiring of public relations and advertising professionals, and employing other sophisticated tools for campaign. The mass media had since then been useful in projecting the image of the Filipino politician the newspaper, radio and television were proven useful. The mass media exposure includes presentation of news coverage of the affairs of politicians. However, the use of mass media was strengthened by the passage of Republic Act 9006 otherwise known as the Fair Elections Act in February 2001. Section 3 of this legislation provides that: Lawful Election Propaganda. Election propaganda whether on television, cable television, radio, newspapers or any other medium is hereby allowed for all registered political parties, national, regional, sectoral parties or organizations participating under the party-list elections and for all bona fide candidates seeking national and local elective positions subject to the limitation on authorized expenses of candidates and political parties, observance of truth in advertising and to the supervision and regulation by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). This opened the doors for a free use of the mass media as a means of launching a politician’s campaign. The most common among these mass media is the television. In fact, aside from the television and newspapers, other politicians made use of new technologies such as mobile phones and launching ‘text brigrades’, while others used the world wide web to introduce and sell themselves to the voters, especially the younger ones. In fact, for this May 14 elections, many political parties and candidates used Friendster as a means of inviting potential voters. Hence, the old type campaigning buttressed by the new legislation truly expanded the campaigns of running politicians. Included in the list, and the focus of my paper, are newspapers. They are as well tapped by politicians to place their advertisements in. Therefore, we can really say that the media has a huge role to play in Philippine elections. It is then a challenge to look deeper into these campaign ads and determine what particular political orientation are projected about the Filipino, in particular Cebuano, voters. How to look into this? I will look into the used and the face value of the print advertisement and from there analyze themes or connotations that would somehow clearly define the political orientation of the voters as reflected by it. To call this process content analysis or semiology would be an overstatement. Rather, this analytical framework is simply innovated. Campaign Ads: Cebu City Elections The candidates for Cebu City mayoral and vice-mayoral posts are Tomas Osmena VS. Mary Ann delos Santos and Michael Rama VS. Raymond Alvin Garcia, respectively. Both Tomas Osmena and Michael Rama are incumbent Mayor and Vice-Mayor of the City. Mary Ann delos Santos, on the other hand, was the Barangay Captain of Lahug, while Raymond Alvin Garcia is the son of former Cebu City Mayor Alvin Garcia. Each camp had been organizing their respective campaigns: the use of streamers, tarpaulin, leaflets, mobile ads and print advertisements were taken advantage. Hence, for the latter I decided to look into one of the leading local newspapers in the islands: Sun-Star Newspaper. I was able to scan the consecutive issues of Sun-Star Newspaper from April 1 up to May 12, 2007. Among the 42 issues the following were the breakdown:

My Philosophy of Teaching Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teachers Es

My Philosophy of Teaching Teaching is a daunting task that I do not intend to take lightly. Becoming a teacher has been a dream of mine for several years. I always knew that teaching would be the career for me, especially when I began working in the school system as a substitute secretary. I loved working in the school environment; coming in contact with children everyday made me realize how much I would enjoy teaching a classroom full of students. Teachers play such an important role in a child’s life, sometimes being their only source of encouragement and support. As a teacher, I want to know my students – their personality, learning style, and academic level, so I can meet their needs and create the best learning environment possible. The definition of the word â€Å"educate† is: â€Å"to develop the faculties and powers of (a person) by instruction or schooling.† I believe the key word in this definition is â€Å"power.† As a teacher, I must find several ways to unleash that power in a child’s mind; I must motivate, inspire, and encourage my students. â€Å"Education is not filling a bucket, but lighting a fire.† (William B. Yeats) The purpose of education is to teach the basics of knowledge and to challenge each individual to learn. The realization that I will have the power to make a difference in a child’s life is sometimes overwhelming. This remarkable fact gives me a stronger purpose – to be a positive role model for my students. Being an effective teacher is truly an awesome responsibility. Instead of seeing students as partially full vessels waiting to be filled, teachers should conceive their work as creating learning situations where students can build their own knowledge through an a... ... and the world of the child. I plan to graduate from Concord College in the Spring of 2004. After graduation, I hope to begin teaching for the Wyoming County Board of Education. While teaching, I will pursue my Master's Degree at Concord. I am so excited about one day teaching our children. My goal is to be a positive influence on a child and I cannot imagine anything more important to do with my life than helping children. A quote from Herbert Kohl sums up my feelings of becoming an educator: â€Å"I believe the impulse to teach is fundamentally altruistic and represents a desire to share what you value and to empower others. I am not talking about the job of teaching so much as the calling to teach. Most teachers I know have felt that calling at some time in their lives.† My dream is to someday soon fulfill my calling.

Learning Styles and Strategies Essay

* Active learners tend to retain and understand information best by doing something active with it–discussing or applying it or explaining it to others. Reflective learners prefer to think about it quietly first. * â€Å"Let’s try it out and see how it works† is an active learner’s phrase; â€Å"Let’s think it through first† is the reflective learner’s response. * Active learners tend to like group work more than reflective learners, who prefer working alone. * Sitting through lectures without getting to do anything physical but take notes is hard for both learning types, but particularly hard for active learners. Everybody is active sometimes and reflective sometimes. Your preference for one category or the other may be strong, moderate, or mild. A balance of the two is desirable. If you always act before reflecting you can jump into things prematurely and get into trouble, while if you spend too much time reflecting you may never get anything done. How can active learners help themselves? If you are an active learner in a class that allows little or no class time for discussion or problem-solving activities, you should try to compensate for these lacks when you study. Study in a group in which the members take turns explaining different topics to each other. Work with others to guess what you will be asked on the next test and figure out how you will answer. You will always retain information better if you find ways to do something with it. How can reflective learners help themselves? If you are a reflective learner in a class that allows little or no class time for thinking about new information, you should try to compensate for this lack when you study. Don’t simply read or memorize the material; stop periodically to review what you have read and to think of possible questions or applications. You might find it helpful to write short summaries of readings or class notes in your own words. Doing so may take extra time but will enable you to retain the material more effectively. SENSING AND INTUITIVE LEARNERS * Sensing learners tend to like learning facts; intuitive learners often prefer discovering possibilities and relationships. * Sensors often like solving problems by well-established methods and dislike complications and surprises; intuitors like innovation and dislike repetition. Sensors are more likely than intuitors to resent being tested on material that has not been explicitly covered in class. * Sensors tend to be patient with details and good at memorizing facts and doing hands-on (laboratory) work; intuitors may be better at grasping new concepts and are often more comfortable than sensors with abstractions and mathematical formulations. * Sensors tend to be more practical and careful than intuitors; intuitors tend to work faster and to be more innovative than sensors. * Sensors don’t like courses that have no apparent connection to the real world; intuitors don’t like â€Å"plug-and-chug† courses that involve a lot of memorization and routine calculations. Everybody is sensing sometimes and intuitive sometimes. Your preference for one or the other may be strong, moderate, or mild. To be effective as a learner and problem solver, you need to be able to function both ways. If you overemphasize intuition, you may miss important details or make careless mistakes in calculations or hands-on work; if you overemphasize sensing, you may rely too much on memorization and familiar methods and not concentrate enough on understanding and innovative thinking. How can sensing learners help themselves? Sensors remember and understand information best if they can see how it connects to the real world. If you are in a class where most of the material is abstract and theoretical, you may have difficulty. Ask your instructor for specific examples of concepts and procedures, and find out how the concepts apply in practice. If the teacher does not provide enough specifics, try to find some in your course text or other references or by brainstorming with friends or classmates. How can intuitive learners help themselves? Many college lecture classes are aimed at intuitors. However, if you are an intuitor and you happen to be in a class that deals primarily with memorization and rote substitution in formulas, you may have trouble with boredom. Ask your instructor for interpretations or theories that link the facts, or try to find the connections yourself. You may also be prone to careless mistakes on test because you are impatient with details and don’t like repetition (as in checking your completed solutions). Take time to read the entire question before you start answering and be sure to check your results VISUAL AND VERBAL LEARNERS Visual learners remember best what they see–pictures, diagrams, flow charts, time lines, films, and demonstrations. Verbal learners get more out of words–written and spoken explanations. Everyone learns more when information is presented both visually and verbally. In most college classes very little visual information is presented: students mainly listen to lectures and read material written on chalkboards and in textbooks and handouts. Unfortunately, most people are visual learners; this means that most students do not get nearly as much as they would if more visual presentation were used in class. Good learners are capable of processing information presented either visually or verbally. How can visual learners help themselves? If you are a visual learner, try to find diagrams, sketches, schematics, photographs, flow charts, or any other visual representation of course material that is predominantly verbal. Ask your instructor, consult reference books, and see if any videotapes or CD-ROM displays of the course material are available. Prepare a concept map by listing key points, enclosing them in boxes or circles, and drawing lines with arrows between concepts to show connections. Color-code your notes with a highlighter so that everything relating to one topic is the same color. How can verbal learners help themselves? Write summaries or outlines of course material in your own words. Working in groups can be particularly effective: you gain understanding of material by hearing classmates’ explanations and you learn even more when you do the explaining. SEQUENTIAL AND GLOBAL LEARNERS * Sequential learners tend to gain understanding in linear steps, with each step following logically from the previous one. Global learners tend to learn in large jumps, absorbing material almost randomly without seeing connections, and then suddenly â€Å"getting it.† * Sequential learners tend to follow logical stepwise paths in finding solutions; global learners may be able to solve complex problems quickly or put things together in novel ways once they have grasped the big picture, but they may have difficulty explaining how they did it. Many people who read this description may conclude incorrectly that they are global, since everyone has experienced bewilderment followed by a sudden flash of understanding. What makes you global or not is what happens before the light bulb goes on. Sequential learners may not fully understand the material but they can nevertheless do something with it (like solve the homework problems or pass the test) since the pieces they have absorbed are logically connected. Strongly global learners who lack good sequential thinking abilities, on the other hand, may have serious difficulties until they have the big picture. Even after they have it, they may be fuzzy about the details of the subject, while sequential learners may know a lot about specific aspects of a subject but may have trouble relating them to different aspects of the same subject or to different subjects. How can sequential learners help themselves? Most college courses are taught in a sequential manner. However, if you are a sequential learner and you have an instructor who jumps around from topic to topic or skips steps, you may have difficulty following and remembering. Ask the instructor to fill in the skipped steps, or fill them in yourself by consulting references. When you are studying, take the time to outline the lecture material for yourself in logical order. In the long run doing so will save you time. You might also try to strengthen your global thinking skills by relating each new topic you study to things you already know. The more you can do so, the deeper your understanding of the topic is likely to be. How can global learners help themselves? If you are a global learner, it can be helpful for you to realize that you need the big picture of a subject before you can master details. If your instructor plunges directly into new topics without bothering to explain how they relate to what you already know, it can cause problems for you. Fortunately, there are steps you can take that may help you get the big picture more rapidly. Before you begin to study the first section of a chapter in a text, skim through the entire chapter to get an overview. Doing so may be time-consuming initially but it may save you from going over and over individual parts later. Instead of spending a short time on every subject every night, you might find it more productive to immerse yourself in individual subjects for large blocks. Try to relate the subject to things you already know, either by asking the instructor to help you see connections or by consulting references. Above all, don’t lose faith in yourself; you will eventually understand the new material, and once you do your understanding of how it connects to other topics and disciplines may enable you to apply it in ways that most sequential thinkers would never dream of.

Asp Organizations That Offer Emr Essay

ASP is becoming the mainstream technology for providing EMR services to private clinics and hospitals. As describe by bradley (2013) â€Å"An Application Service Provider (ASP) is a business that offers software services to customers, using computer networks and the Internet as the mechanism to deliver and manage the service. † he further explained that the goal of ASP technology is to reduce cost to the businesses in term of acquisition and maintenance. ASP organizations that offer EMR: Almost all the EMR vendors provide EMR as a product and as an ASP. Following are a short list of organizations which provide EMR via ASP 1. Organization: HealthFusion EMR System:ASP: MediTouch EHR ® WebSite: http://www. healthfusion. com/ehr-platform. asp 2. Organization:waiting room solutions EMR System: waiting room solutions WebSite: http://www. waitingroomsolutions. com/ 3. Organization: ios Health Systems EMR System:Medios EHR: Electronic Health Records WebSite: http://www. ioshealthsystems. com/electronic-health-records/ 4. Organization: VItera HealthCare solution EMR System:VItera Intergy WebSite: www. viterahealthcare. com/solutions/intergy 5. Organization:Benchmark Systems EMR System:Benchmark Systems EHR WebSite: http://www. benchmark-systems. com/ 6. Organization:eClinicalWorks EMR System:eClinicalWorks WebSite:http://www. eclinicalworks. com/ 7. Organization:Bizmatics EMR System:PrognoCIS WebSite: http://www. bizmaticsinc. com/ 8. Organization:Allscripts EMR System:Allscripts EHR WebSite: http://www. allscripts. com/en/solutions/ambulatory-solutions/ehr. html 9. Organization: WebPT EMR System:WebPT EMR WebSite: http://www. webpt. com/ 10. Organization:ReLiMed Solutions EMR System:ReLiMed EMR WebSite:http://relimedsolutions. om/ 11. Organization:Office Practicum EMR System:OP Cloud WebSite:http://www. officepracticum. com/cloud. php Three EMR 1: eClinicalWorks EClinical: eClinicalWorks Web-based technology promise to provide fast and secure access from anywhere. It is widely used throughout the world and US by more than 70,000 physicians. eClinical use secure XML and HTTPs-based communication. eClincal Provide EMR, Prac tice management, Patient Portal, Interoperability between systems in the community or across the country. EClincal provide pricing information on their web site ranging from 449 to 99 per month. eClincal is CCHIT certified and qualify for meaningful use. 2: Allscripts. Allscripts Provide Allscripts EHR. Allscripts EHR is hosted in the cloud as a web-based service. Allscripts provide services in Ambulatory Care, Acute Care, Post-Acute Care. Allscript is CCHIT certified and qualify for meaningful use. 3: HealthFusion Provide MediTouch EHR is a web-based EHR. Its offer a touchscreen user interface. The company claim that it is the first all-in-one, Web-based, touch screen Electronic Health Record, and their touch screen interface make it very easy-to-use. The EHR offers functionality for charting, problem lists, medication management, electronic prescribing, allergy checks, order management, lab tests and document management. Meditouch is CCHIT certified and qualify for meaningful use. Criteria to compare: Before to developed criteria to compare the EMRs, It is advisable to define the objectives and goals for the EMR. As detailed by wager (2010) the EMR systems should enable use evidence-based standards to provide care to patient, monitoring the quality and costs, enable to clinicians to access to patient information in a timely and efficient manner, and improve efficiency and effectiveness. Wager). Once the a specific EMR qualify for the above goals following criteria can used to decide about the acquisition of system. 1: Cost of acquisition: To implement the complete EMR system is an expensive proposition for any private clinic or hospitals. Besides the actual product, the EMR needs a multitude of hardware to properly use all the fu nctionality of EMR. Which include server, workstation and back up system. Generally the ASP models have low initial cost and the vendor take the responsibility for hosting the server and maintain a backup system. : Reviews from other users: The acquisition of EMR is a lengthy process. It is very critical to evaluate the candidate EMR extensively. Review from the actual user will provide more accurate informations about the usability of the product. 3: Functionalities. Vaccine Tracking, Tracking and managment of Chronic Disease, Scanning, Labs connection to LabCorp, QuestLab) 4: Technical support 5: Remote Access 6: HIPPA compliant 7: CCHIT Certified 8: E-prescribing Differ in terms of service, Support, Financing. Reference Mitchell, Bradley. â€Å"ASP – Application Service Provider. † Networking – Computer and Wireless Networking Basics – Home Networks Tutorials. N. p. , n. d. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. <http://compnetworking. about. com/od/internetaccessproviders/g/providers_asp. htm>. â€Å"Web-Based Electronic Medical Records (EMR) Software | Reviews of the Best Systems. † Software Advice: The Authority on Software Selection. N. p. , n. d. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. <http://www. softwareadvice. com/medical/web-based-emr-software-comparison/>.

Bonkers and Remix Essays

Bonkers and Remix Essays Bonkers and Remix Essay Bonkers and Remix Essay Jingle Bell Rock 2. Armand Van Helden You dont know me (Dave Silcox Remix) 3. Showtek Justin Prime Cannonball 4. Kaskade Ft. Neon Trees Lessons in Love (Headhunterz remix) 5. Isaac DJ Ease My Mind 6. The Prodigy Smack my bitch up (Noisia Remix) 7. Alex Prospect Becci Like it loud (Gammer Alex Prospect remix) 8. N-Force Darren Styles Right by your side (Gammer remix) Scott Brown Definition of a Badboy (Cheever Remix) Compulsion Orbit 1 Got Any Rushins Hixxy Styles It aint hard to tell The Acolyte Electric Styles Breeze Elysium Plus Scott Brown Product of the Devil 2006 Sy Unknown Sky High (Technoboy Remix) DJ Zany 1. Cristian Marchi I Got My Eyes On You [DJ Chuckie Remix] 2. Afrojack feat. Gregor Salto Ill Be There [Original Mix] 3. Tiga You Gonna Want Me [Hey Today Remix] 4. Yolanda Be Cool DCup We No Speak Americano [Original Mix] 5. Yolanda Be Cool DCup We No Speak Americano [High Rankin Dubstep Remix] 6. Doctor P Sweet Shop [Original Mix] 7. Flux Pavilion Got 2 Know [Original Mix] 8. Nero -? Innocence [Original Mix] Intro Miles Dyson Hey Baby Deadmau5 feat. Melleefresh Reward is More Cheese Deadmau5 Riverside Sidney Samson Love is gone (Joachim Garraud Fred Rister remix) David Guetta Bounce (Bloody Beetroots Remix) MSTRKRFT l Kaskade feat. Haley Dynasty (Dada Life Remix) 4:54 Chuckie Cant Hear Anyboody Out There 7:22 No Comment! Sorry I Remember the song and? now that was 2010 I forgot the song 9:05 Afrojack Satisfaction (Afrojack Remix 10:33 Tiesto Comon 12:19 Afrojack Banduck 14:34 Skrillex Harstyle ft. Little Wolfers DJ Kid Medina Deadmau5 and Hardwell (Kid Medina Edit)

You can choose any country but I recommend (Italy) Essay

You can choose any country but I recommend (Italy) - Essay Example Even though Europe claims to be having united identity the differences between neighboring countries can be much larger than countries across continents. Italy is diverse culturally, economically and politically (TDS 2012). The culture, administrative, geographic and economy (CAGE) distance framework helps the mangers to identify and assess the impact of distance on different industries. Cultural distance can impact trade (Ghemawat 2004) and language plays an important role. Italy’s language is unique and even though it is a part of Europe Union, English is not the predominant language in Italy. Italy is homogenous linguistically (TDS 2012). According to Ghemawat trade between countries that share a common language is much higher than between countries without a common language. Italy maintains political or administrative distance as it focuses on protecting its domestic industries. The government thereby does not encourage foreign direct investment (FDI) due to which cross-border competition is also limited. Competition leads to innovation and creativity but this remains unexplored in Italy. Divided into several regions, Italy has introduced some decentralization to the government machinery but the regional governments still seek additional powers. However, frequent government turnovers have left the political condition quite unstable in Italy. International trade has been impacted due to extensive corruption, massive government debts, and organized crime. The country has been besieged with political scandals. Because of poor government policies and institutional weakness, government involvement tends to be high in sectors such as electricity, farming and telecommunications (Ghemawat 2004). Because of the government policies in Italy cross-border competiti on is low which hinders growth and development. Geographically, however, Italy is well positioned as it has a huge coastline and is bounded by countries such as France,

Counter-Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Counter-Terrorism - Essay Example Following the Sept. 11th assails, associates of the Bush admin were exceedingly grave of the FISA constraints. Segments of the Patriot Act inflated the laws accomplish to tackle terrorism criminal as well as, representatives of foreign nations. However, when President Bush asked for an extended course of close watch by the National Security Agency (NSA), he chose to evade the FISA route wholly. On the revelation of these unmerited wiretaps by the media in 2005, government bureaucrats debated that working in FISA is supposedly too tiresome. The AEDPA makes the present edition of the customary habeas corpus writ. Conventionally, habeas corpus that factually denotes one ought to have the body is a defense against unlawful imprisonment. Under the law, an individual imprisoned by executive bureaucrats, military officials, guards, and jail wardens could request a court to establish whether his or her imprisonment is endorsed by law. The individual could file an appeal for the writ; also the court needs the executive bureaucrat to react in what is acknowledged as the wit "return". If the jury establishes that the imprisonment infringes the law, it gives the habeas corpus writ. As a component of its reply to the experiences of September 11, in the year 2001, Congress enacted the Patriot Act of the U.S.A. The Act turned out to be effectual right away upon being passed into rule by the nation’s head on October 26 in the year 2001. A section of the Act inflates constraints on the ownership, exploitation and right of entry to biological agents, pollutants and deliverance systems. Before the Act, national law forbade the progress, production, transmission or ownership of whichever biological agent, pollutants, or deliverance system for use as a weapon. The Act significantly expands the law by now prohibiting ownership of a biological agent, pollutants, or deliverance system of a kind or in a measure